ACTIVE AND PASIVE
SENTENCES, RELATIV CLAUSE,
AND CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
1. Active Sentences
Active sentence is
written in active voice when the subject of the sentence performs the
action in the sentence.
Here are some more examples of active sentences:
ü The school provided rubbish bin two months ago
ü Tina is reading the book
ü We celebrate school annyversary every year
ü Forest burning has produced a lot of pollution
ü The students will play basketball
ü The band plays the music
ü The girl is picking up the flowers
ü His school will build a new meeting hall
ü The goverment announces the news to all people in city
ü The principal gave the certificates to the students
2. Passive Sentences
Passive Sentences a
sentence is written in passive voice when the subject of the sentence
has an action done to it by someone or something else.
Here are some example of Passive Sentences
ü The book is being read by Tina
ü The school annyversary is celebrated every year
ü A lot of pollution has been produced by forest burning
ü The basketball will be played by the students
ü The rubbish bin was provided by the school two months ago
ü The music is being plays by the band
ü The flowers are being picked up by the girl
ü TA new meeting hall will be built by this school
ü The news is announced to all people in the city by the goverment
ü The certificates were given to the students by the principal
3. Relative Clauses
We use
relative clauses to give additional information about something without
starting another sentence. By combining sentences with a relative clause, your
text becomes more fluent and you can avoid repeating certain words.
o Defining relative clause
We use defining relative
clauses to give essential information about someone or something – information
that we need in order to understand what or who is being referred to. A
defining relative clause usually comes immediately after the noun it describes.
In defining relative
clauses we often use that instead of who, whom orwhich.
This is very common in informal speaking:
ü They’re the people that want to buy our
house.
ü Here are some cells that have been
affected.
ü They should give the money to somebody who
they think needs the treatment most.
o Non-defining relative clauses
We use non-defining
relative clauses to give extra information about the person or thing. It is not
necessary information. We don’t need it to understand who or what is being
referred to.
We always use a relative
pronoun (who, which, whose or whom) to introduce a non-defining
relative clause (In the examples, the relative clause is in bold, and the
person or thing being referred to is underlined).
ü Clare, who I work with, is doing the London marathon this year.
ü Doctors use the testing kit for regular screening for lung
and stomach cancers, which account for 70% of cancers treated in the
western world.
ü Alice, who has worked in Brussels and London ever since leaving
Edinburgh, will be starting a teaching course in the autumn.
4. Conditional Sentences
Conditional Sentences are
also known as Conditional Clauses or If Clauses. They are used to express that
the action in the main clause (without if) can only take place if a
certain condition (in the clause with if) is fulfilled. There are three
types of Conditional Sentences.
o Conditional Sentence Type 1
It is possible and also very likely that the condition
will be fulfilled.
Form:
if + Simple Present, will-Future
Example: If I find her address, I will send her an
invitation.
The main clause can also be at the beginning of the sentence. In
this case, don't use a comma.
Example: I will send her an invitation if I find her
address.
Note: Main clause and / or if clause might be negative.
See Simple Present und will-Future on
how to form negative sentences.
Example: If I don’t see him this afternoon, I will phone
him in the evening.
Use :
Conditional Sentences Type I refer to the future. An action in
the future will only happen if a certain condition is fulfilled by that time.
We don't know for sure whether the condition actually will be fulfilled or not,
but the conditions seems rather realistic – so we think it is likely to
happen.
Example: If I find her address, I’ll send her an
invitation.
I want to send an invitation to a friend. I just have to find
her address. I am quite sure, however, that I will find it.
Example: If John has the money, he will buy a Ferrari.
I know John very well and I know that he earns a lot of money
and that he loves Ferraris. So I think it is very likely that sooner or later
he will have the money to buy a Ferrari.
Example: If I find her address, I’ll send her an
invitation.
o Conditional Sentence Type II
It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will
be fulfilled.
Form:
if + Simple Past, Conditional I (=
would + Infinitive)
Example: If I found her address, I would send her an
invitation.
The main clause can also be at the beginning of the sentence. In
this case, don't use a comma.
Example: I would send her an invitation if I found her
address.
Note: Main clause and / or if clause might be negative. See Simple Past und Conditional I on
how to form negative sentences.
Example: If I had a lot of money, I wouldn’t stay here.
Were instead of Was
In IF Clauses Type II, we usually use ‚were‘ – even if the
pronoun is I, he, she or it –.
Example: If I were you, I would not do this.
Use :
Conditional Sentences Type II refer to situations in the
present. An action could happen if the present situation were different. I
don't really expect the situation to change, however. I just imagine „what
would happen if …“
Example: If I found her address, I would send her an
invitation..
I would like to send an invitation to a friend. I have looked
everywhere for her address, but I cannot find it. So now I think it is rather
unlikely that I will eventually find her address.
Example: If John had the money, he would buy a Ferrari.
I know John very well and I know that he doesn't have much
money, but he loves Ferraris. He would like to own a Ferrari (in his dreams).
But I think it is very unlikely that he will have the money to buy one in the
near future.
o Conditional Sentence Type 3
It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled
because it refers to the past.
Form:
if + Past Perfect, Conditional II (=
would + have + Past Participle)
Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her
an invitation.
The main clause can also be at the beginning of the sentence. In
this case, don't use a comma.
Example: I would have sent her an invitation if I had found
her address
Note: Main clause and / or if clause might be negative.
See Past Perfect and Conditional II on
how to form negative sentences.
Example: If I hadn’t studied, I wouldn’t have passed my
exams.
Use :
Conditional Sentences Type III refer to situations in the past.
An action could have happened in the past if a certain condition had been
fulfilled. Things were different then, however. We just imagine, what would
have happened if the situation had been fulfilled.
Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her
an invitation.
Sometime in the past, I wanted to send an invitation to a
friend. I didn't find her address, however. So in the end I didn't send her an
invitation.
Example: If John had had the money, he would have bought a
Ferrari.
I knew John very well and I know that he never had much money,
but he loved Ferraris. He would have loved to own a Ferrari, but he never had
the money to buy one.
